Key Points Eyes play a central role in human communication because they allow for expression of emotions through nonverbal cues. Periorbital muscle activity allows for expression of emotions through the eyes. A thorough understanding of facial and eye anatomy is…
Key Points The modern female brow peak is closer to the lateral canthus than to the lateral limbus In many patients the medial brow does not descend and may actually elevate with age The shape of the upper lid crease…
Key Points Rhytidectomy has been performed in the United States for at least a century. During this time, the technique for performing the operation has undergone marked evolution. To date, no consensus exists among experts regarding what technique achieves the…
Key Points Combined resurfacing modalities tailored to skin type and location are more effective than a single modality alone. The ideal patient for skin resurfacing is the thin-skinned woman with a fair complexion and fine rhytids. Impairment of liver and/or…
Key Points Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in adults. The hair cycle has four stages—anagen, catagen, telogen, and exogen—and 90% of hair is in the growing, anagen phase. Dihydrotestosterone is associated with inhibiting the growth…
Key Points Local flaps may be classified by the method of movement and are referred to as pivotal, advancement, or hinged. Most flaps are moved by a combination of pivoting and advancement. Pivotal flaps move toward the defect they are…
Key Points Repair of craniomaxillofacial fractures requires accurate diagnosis and a plan for repair, which requires physical examination and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Associated injuries must be recognized and addressed. The mandible is often evaluated using panoramic tomography, but CT…
Key Points Examination and repair of facial soft tissue trauma must be systematic and thorough. Treatment of traumatic injuries is often a process of restoring facial appearance and function rather than a single procedure. A high index of suspicion and…
Key Points The ideal scar is narrow, flat with surrounding skin, parallel to the relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs), or camouflaged within natural anatomic lines. Available scar revision techniques include excision, irregularization (including Z-plasty, W-plasty, and geometric broken line closure…
Key Points Cutaneous conditions of the head and neck are both common and diverse. Identification of these conditions is often required of an otolaryngologist; although many cutaneous lesions can be identified based upon clinical appearance, biopsy is necessary for definitive…