Key Points Olfaction is important for hazard avoidance and quality of life. Olfactory dysfunction affects 20% of the general population and is most commonly caused by sinonasal disease, upper respiratory tract infections, head trauma, normal aging, and neurodegeneration. Olfactory dysfunction…
Key Points The immune system protects the organism from infectious microbes and avoids responses that produce damage to host tissues. The immune system is divided into the innate and adaptive systems. The adaptive immune system recognizes different specific antigens, adapts…
Key Points Revision rhinoplasty is the process of correcting secondary deformities from primary surgery. Skin thickness must be analyzed and factored into decision making in revision rhinoplasty. Thin skin–soft tissue envelope (SSTE) contracts with time and can reveal minor irregularities.…
Key Points Non-Caucasian patients have differences that extend beyond anatomy. Cultural norms, communication, expectations, and aesthetic definitions all must be considered in this patient group. Anatomic variants preclude certain common surgical maneuvers performed with Occidental patients. Aesthetic goals in non-Caucasian…
Key Points The external approach for rhinoplasty is found almost exclusively in the severely twisted or previously operated nose. Nasofrontal angle modifications can help shorten or lengthen the nasal dorsum. Batten grafts can help correct both internal and external nasal…
Key Points The best results in rhinoplasty are achieved by the most conservative possible techniques that respect the structural quality and relationships of nasal elements and maintain natural and normal-appearing outcomes. Most successful outcomes are achieved primarily through tissue reorientation,…
Key Points Nasal fractures tend to occur along the thinner bone below the intercanthal line. Septal fractures are commonly found in injuries where the nasal pyramid is deviated by at least half the nasal width. Nasal fractures from lateral trauma…
Key Points Examination of the patient should be performed before and after decongestion to fully evaluate the factors that contribute to nasal obstruction. The nasal cycle is an alternating one; the total resistance in the nose remains constant. In patients…
Key Points Protruding ears is one of the most common congenital deformities of the head and neck and occurs in 5% of whites. It is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion with variable penetrance. Normal anatomy: 15- to 30-degree posterior angulation,…
Key Points The chin plays an important role in the facial profile and in overall facial appearance. The chin should be evaluated as it relates to other adjacent structures, such as the lips, nose, and teeth. It is crucial to…