Key Points Evaluation of the larynx and pharynx is a multidisciplinary endeavor that may involve otolaryngologists, neurologists, speech-language pathologists, and radiologists. Normal functions of the larynx include regulation of respiratory mechanics, airway protection during deglutition, and phonation. Normal function of…
Key Points The voice is multidimensional, so voice assessment should be multidimensional. Auditory, visual, and tactile perceptual examinations are key components of a voice evaluation. It is important to characterize the patient's perception of the problem and the impact of…
Key Points Laryngeal endoscopy, using flexible or rigid endoscopes, is used to examine vocal fold structure and gross function. Videostroboscopy is used to examine vocal fold vibration patterns and the relationship between the body and the cover. Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy…
Key Points The upper aerodigestive tract serves the competing functions of respiration and swallowing. The anterior ends of the vocal folds are fixed at the anterior commissure. All motion of the vocal folds is caused by muscles that move the…
Key Points Facial pain is a frustrating and debilitating condition for patients and can be a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Management and diagnosis of facial pain requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Determining the pathology of facial pain is vital…
Key Points Several inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders can present with nonspecific sinonasal symptoms requiring a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis by the otorhinolaryngologist. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) frequently presents with sinonasal involvement, including crusting, bloody discharge, septal…
Key Points Unilateral nasal obstruction is the most common symptom in patients with either benign or malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract. Therefore, any patient with this complaint should be assessed with endoscopy, imaging studies, and, if required, histologic examination…
Key Points Endoscopic orbital surgery requires a multidisciplinary approach by an oculoplastic surgeon and an otolaryngologist with proficiency in both rhinologic and orbital surgery. Chronic epiphora should be investigated with a dacryocystogram, and possibly a scintillogram, prior to surgery, to…
Key Points Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea may be classified as traumatic (>90%) and nontraumatic (<10%). Approximately 80% of all traumatic leaks occur in the setting of accidental trauma, and the remaining traumatic CSF leaks occur after neurosurgical and rhinologic procedures.…
Key Points Epistaxis is a common otorhinolaryngologic complaint encountered by multiple medical disciplines and is the most common otorhinolaryngologic emergency. The vascular anatomy of the nose is extremely rich, with bilateral supply from both the external and internal carotid systems.…