Objectives This chapter will: 1. Explain the negative effects of extra cellular fluid volume expansion on cardiac and renal function. 2. Explain how heart failure and chronic kidney disease contribute to diuretic resistance. 3. Identify risk factors for worsening renal…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review the pathophysiology of diastolic dysfunction and the complex interaction between the heart and the kidney in the context of cardiorenal syndromes (disorders of the heart and kidneys in which acute or chronic dysfunction in…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Introduce the types of mechanical cardiac support. 2. Evaluate the clinical evidence regarding the impact of mechanical cardiac devices on renal function in patients with severe congestive heart failure. 3. Examine renal and patient outcomes…
Objectives The chapter will: 1. Describe epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and main clinical features of cardiorenal syndrome type 5 (CRS-5). 2. Review main clinical disease leading to CRS-5 development. 3. Identify widespread treatment guidelines in CRS-5 patients. The cardiorenal syndromes (CRS)…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review conventional and nonconventional cardiovascular risk factors related to chronic kidney disease. 2. Explain how to assess and manage cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Definition and Epidemiology Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 4, or chronic…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Identify mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction during acute kidney injury. 2. Understand issues applying data from animal models to human kidney injury events. 3. Appreciate short-term mortality and long-term increase in cardiovascular events associated with kidney…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review the definition and epidemiology of cardiorenal syndrome type 2 (CRS-2). 2. Identify the theoretical pathogenic pathways of CRS-2. 3. Discuss management strategies for CRS-2. 4. Introduce adjunct management assistive devices, such as cardiac resynchronization…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the pathophysiologic pathways of heart and kidney interaction. 2. Characterize the effect of heart failure on the kidney. 3. Identify risk factors and preexisting comorbid conditions. 4. Describe the clinical outcomes and potential therapeutic…
Objectives The chapter will: 1. Provide an overview of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) classification. 2. Briefly review cardiorenal syndromes definitions and clinical implications. 3. Focus on main pathophysiologic features of each CRS. Large numbers of hospitalized patients have various degrees of…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review the epidemiology and classification system applied to cardiorenal syndromes. 2. Understand the predisposing factors that increase the risk for acute and chronic cardiorenal syndromes. 3. Explore the wide range of systems and mediators involved…