Key Concepts Conjunctivochalasis is a common bilateral condition characterized by redundant, loose, nonedematous conjunctiva. Its incidence increases with age, and its pathophysiology remains unclear. It is often asymptomatic; however, it can cause a range of symptoms from ocular irritation, lacrimation,…
Key Concepts Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare disorder associated with systemic plasminogen deficiency. Only type I hypoplasminogenemia (reduction in plasminogen level and activity) has been shown to cause any form of pseudomembranous disease. The most common manifestation of systemic plasminogen…
Key Concepts Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is an ocular surface disease. Discrepancy between signs and symptoms is not uncommon, and the discomfort can be disabling. Etiology is unclear, but mounting evidence suggests a mechanistic theory. Distinct histopathologic findings include epithelial keratinization,…
Key Concepts Toxic conjunctivitis is a potentially sight-threatening condition that must be recognized and managed appropriately. Toxic conjunctivitis as a result of ophthalmic medications can be clinically difficult to distinguish from allergic conjunctivitis. Careful clinical examination can provide diagnostic cues…
Key Concepts Although historically considered as part of a continuum of vesiculobullous disease, erythema multiforme is currently thought to be a disease entity separate from Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). SJS and TEN are potentially blinding conditions.…
Key Concepts Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a blinding, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies deposited along the basement membrane zone of mucous membranes and skin. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 80% of patients with MMP. Clinical course is characterized…
Key Concepts Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is a noninfectious inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the superior tarsal conjunctiva. GPC is most commonly associated with contact lens use. Mild hyperemia, irritation, and mucous discharge progresses with continued exposure to the contact…
Key Concepts Vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis are chronic, vision-threatening, allergic diseases of the eye. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis occurs most commonly in young males, often with a seasonal pattern, but also with occasional perennial disease. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis occurs in the second through…
Key Concepts Allergic conjunctivitis is a common cause of ocular morbidity. The symptoms are generally mild, and the diagnosis can be made clinically. It is important to distinguish allergic conjunctivitis from more severe forms of ocular disease. Human parasite defense…
Key Concepts Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome is characterized by granulomatous conjunctivitis with lymphadenopathy. There are multiple etiologies, many of which are animal related. The most common cause is Bartonella henselae. Tularemia, TB, syphilis, and sporotrichosis cause the greatest morbidity. The diagnosis…