Key Concepts Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is an autoimmune vasculitis associated with antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens that affects multiple organs, primarily the respiratory and renal systems. Orbital disease is the most common ocular finding of granulomatosis with polyangiitis; with peripheral…
Key Concepts Skeletal and connective tissue disorders frequently involve the anterior segment of the eye and cause corneal, scleral, and/or lenticular abnormalities. Abnormalities can be congenital or acquired. Craniofacial malformations are often associated with shallow orbits and suffer from exposure…
Key Concepts Abnormalities in the carbohydrate, lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism can significantly affect the structure and function of the cornea. Treatments addressing the mechanisms of disease offer promising treatment for diabetic patients through recovery of corneal sensation and tear production.…
Key Concepts Peters anomaly is a sporadic condition characterized by a corneal leukoma. Visual prognosis in Peters anomaly is dependent on early clearing of the visual axis; however, penetrating keratoplasty and visual rehabilitation are difficult to implement in these patients.…
Key Concepts Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) comprises a collection of anterior segment disorders that are complicated by secondary glaucoma in more than 50% of cases. ARS is an umbrella term used to describe a spectrum of anterior segment findings including posterior…
Key Concepts Developmental abnormalities of the cornea can occur as isolated defects or in association with other ocular or systemic anomalies. Megalocornea must be distinguished from buphthalmos due to congenital glaucoma, in which other features such as elevated intraocular pressure,…
Key Concepts Subepithelial tumors are diverse and are reflective of the variety of cell types that reside in the subepithelial space. Systemic processes, such as inflammation or metastatic disease, may produce subepithelial masses. Lymphoproliferative disease can be associated with systemic…
Key Concepts Melanocytes are a normal component of conjunctival epithelium. Melanosis is hyperproduction of melanin in the conjunctival epithelium. Bilateral, age-related melanosis of the conjunctiva in pigmented races is benign and generally not a risk factor for developing conjunctival melanoma.…
Key Concepts Early identification and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is critical to reduce ocular morbidity. High-resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) serves as a powerful tool for noninvasive diagnosis of OSSN, especially in subtle cases or in the…
Key Concepts Early diagnosis and treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia translates to preservation of the eye and vision. Clinical monitoring for recurrence is imperative following treatment. Suspicion should be raised with any unusual appearing pterygia or ocular surface tumefactions.…