Introduction Treating congenital spine deformities is notoriously challenging, largely because the range of anomalies is so broad and heterogeneous that there is no accepted algorithm for treatment; each patient’s care must be planned case-by-case. Additionally, the timeline of treatment frequently…
Introduction The treatment of pediatric patients with neuromuscular scoliosis is challenging and requires constant vigilance. These patients are more medically complex and have higher complication rates than their idiopathic counterparts. This chapter will focus on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications,…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is defined as a three-dimensional spinal deviation greater than 10 degrees occurring after the age of 10 years and before the musculoskeletal system has fully matured, with larger curves usually affecting girls over boys in…
Introduction Distal humeral osteotomies are performed to correct cubitus varus or valgus malalignment. Cubitus varus typically results from a malunion of a supracondylar fracture, and cubitus valgus typically results from a nonunion of a lateral condyle fracture. Cubitus varus malunion…
Introduction The thumb is essential to the function of the human hand, particularly for large object grasp and fine pinch There is a wide spectrum of congenital and acquired anomalies that may affect thumb development. The goal of pediatric thumb…
Introduction Syndactyly is defined as a narrowed or nondifferentiated web space between adjacent fingers. This diagnosis is the most common abnormality of the newborn hand and is typically classified into complete (to fingertip) or incomplete; and simple (isolated soft tissue…
Introduction Brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBIs) occur in approximately 0.4 to 4.6 per 1000 live births. Approximately one-third of these cases have lifelong impairments. Brachial plexus reconstruction is indicated when inadequate spontaneous nerve recovery occurs. The timing of surgery depends…
Introduction Although foot fractures account for approximately 5% to 8% of fractures in children, there is a scarcity of literature discussing complications of these injuries and complications arising from foot fracture treatment. Surgeons who treat foot injuries in children should…
Introduction Pediatric ankle fractures are very common injuries, accounting for approximately 5% of all pediatric fractures and up to 15% of physeal injuries. The distal tibial physis is among the most commonly injured growth plate, accounting for 10% to 20%…
Introduction Accounting for 15% of long-bone fractures in the pediatric population, tibial shaft fractures are one of the most common injuries treated by orthopedic surgeons. The treatment of such a common fracture can vary from nonoperative to surgical management depending…