Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a form of spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis.…
Introduction The cervical spine, which was first described as lordotic by Borden et al. in 1960, is tasked with the responsibility of maintaining a wide range of motion, and allowing proper gaze that is essential for upright gait. The cervical…
Introduction Flat back syndrome is described as loss of lumbar lordosis, which alters the center of gravity, thereby shifting the head anterior to the sacrum causing sagittal imbalance. This is typically seen following multiple lumbar fusions with distraction of the…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis. It differs…
Introduction Adult spinal deformities may be caused by progressive degenerative disease, iatrogenic changes, or progression of adolescent curves. It is most commonly seen in patients older than 65 years, which is also the fastest growing population in the United States.…
Introduction Adult spinal deformity is a prevalent pathology with increasing incidence in the aging population. The correction of this pathology requires multilevel fusion, which unfortunately results in frequent revision. Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF) are common…
Introduction Fractures of the subaxial spine are typically caused by high-velocity injuries such as motor vehicle collisions, falls, and high-impact sports. The subaxial spine consists of the cervical vertebra numbered three to seven and is more mobile than the upper…
Introduction The pars interarticularis represents a small piece of bone that connects the facet to the pedicle. Given its small size and location, the pars is prone to fracture from multiple sources. Pars fractures can lead to back pain and…