Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can lead to life-threatening conditions, including meningitis and stroke. Depending on the cause and especially for spontaneous CSF leaks, diagnosis of a CSF leak can be challenging given that nasal mucus can be difficult to…
Introduction When evaluating a patient for a cranial base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, the history and physical examination are critical steps to determine the diagnosis, cause, and localization. Establishing the diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea can be challenging because there is…
Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is the drainage of spinal fluid from the intracranial space through the nose via the paranasal sinuses. The condition was initially described in the second century by Galen of Pergamon (130–200 ad ), who identified…