Developmental Dysplasia of the hip Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) generally includes subluxation (partial dislocation) of the femoral head or complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum and acetabular dysplasia. In a newborn with true congenital…
This chapter describes congenital anomalies of the foot and lower extremity. Congenital anomalies of the hip and pelvis are described in Chapter 30 , and congenital anomalies of the trunk and upper extremities are described in Chapter 31 . Congenital…
The evaluation of patients with musculoskeletal neoplasms was discussed in detail in Chapter 24 , but certain points warrant repetition and elaboration. In contrast to bone tumors, the presence or absence of pain does not help to distinguish benign from…
Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma is a tumor characterized by the production of osteoid by malignant cells. It is the most common nonhematologic primary malignancy of bone. The incidence is 1:3 per 1 million per year. Onset can occur at any age; however,…
The aggressiveness of the lesions described in this chapter ranges between purely benign and frankly malignant. Although these lesions frequently are treated satisfactorily with intralesional procedures, such as curettage, they are sometimes very aggressive locally and require marginal or wide…
This chapter discusses bony lesions that do not usually behave aggressively locally and that have never been shown to metastasize. Most are either asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic except when complications, such as a pathologic fracture, occur. Many are discovered incidentally…
A team comprising an orthopaedic surgeon, radiologist, pathologist, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist is necessary to treat the spectrum of musculoskeletal tumors. Other surgical specialists frequently are required, such as a vascular surgeon, thoracic surgeon, or plastic surgeon. The orthopaedic…
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through inhalation or ingestion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. After exposure, the infection may be cleared by the host, lead to a primary infection, or can later be reactivated from a latent infection. Thereafter,…
Acute septic arthritis results from bacterial invasion of a joint space, which can occur through hematogenous spread, direct inoculation from trauma or surgery, or contiguous spread from an adjacent site of osteomyelitis or cellulitis. Despite in-depth research into the pathophysiology…
Osteomyelitis has long been one of the most difficult and challenging problems confronted by orthopaedic surgeons. Currently, morbidity and mortality from osteomyelitis are relatively low because of modern treatment methods, including the use of antibiotics and aggressive surgical treatment. The…