Introduction Several cancers are well characterized for their predilection to invade bone, from which breast cancer (BCa), prostate cancer (PCa), and lung cancer (LCa) are on top of the list. It is estimated that ~70% of the patients with PCa…
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Introduction Epithelial—mesenchymal transition (EMT) was originally described as a fundamental process essential for developmental programs including formation of mesoderm, neural crest, heart valve, palatogenesis, and myogenesis [ ]. During the EMT process, the epithelial cells transition from polarized, cobblestone-like cells…
Research highlights High diversity of metabolic fuels to feed bone tumor. Strong energetic metabolism genes program allow tumor cells to survive and progress in bone microenvironment. Osteomimicry may contribute to bone tumor adaptation to their metabolic environment. Introduction Bone tumors…
Research highlights Hypoxia in the primary tumor, as well as low levels of oxygen in the bone marrow, increases the risk of bone invasion. HIF-induced genes in primary tumors (e.g., LOX, PKM2) specifically direct metastasis to bone sites. Hypoxia downregulates…
Introduction Intratumor extracellular proton accumulation is a well-established hallmark of malignancy in solid tumors [ ]. Similarly to hypoxia [ ], acidosis influences the behavior of cancer cells and the clinical outcome by modulating tumor stemness, invasion, invadopodia formation, metastasis,…
Abbreviations 2-AG 2-Arachidonoylglycerol ACEA Arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide CB1 Cannabinoid receptor type 1 CB2 CB type 2 CB Cannabinoid CBD Cannabidiol Endocannabinoid Endogenous cannabinoid FAAH Fatty acid amide hydrolase GFP Green fluorescent protein IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration MAGL Monoacylglycerol lipase Micro-CT Micro–computed tomography…
Gap junction channels According to Schleiden's theory, cells are autonomous units that are circumscribed by a diffusion barrier that is able to prevent any exchange with the surrounding cells [ ]. However, in the late 1960s, Kanno and Loewenstein demonstrated…
Highlights The effects of tumor-derived EVs appear to be variable and dependent upon their cargos. EVs, via their cargos, can mediate the transfer of malignant traits between cancer cells. EV therapies have progressed to phase I and phase II clinical…
Research highlights TGF-β is abundant in bone and a critical coupling factor in bone cells during bone remodeling. Cancer frequently affects bone as primary bone cancer or during bone metastases. TGF-β signaling in cancer has dual roles, as a tumor…