Benzel's Spine Surgery

Summary of Key Points The field of spine biomechanics has evolved from the time of antiquity to the present. The first 2000 years provided the rich seeds with requisite advancements in spinal anatomy, neurophysiology, mathematics, and physics. Since the 20th…

Summary of Key Points Although most advances in spine surgery occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, their roots date back several thousand years. During the antique period, some special spine disorders were described and treated using drugs and orthotics.…