Historical Background In 1978 Grüntzig and colleagues were the first to describe angioplasty for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery disease, and in 1991 early experience with balloon-expandable and self-expanding stents for treatment of renal artery stenosis was reported. Stent…
Historical Background Extraanatomic revascularization of the renal arteries using the splenic or hepatic branches of the celiac trunk for inflow generally yields inferior results when compared with traditional aortorenal bypass. These procedures are usually reserved for patients in whom exposure…
Historical Background In 1937 Goldblatt demonstrated that renal artery constriction produced atrophy of the kidney and systemic hypertension in a canine model. His elegant experiments defined a causal relationship between renovascular disease and hypertension. Leadbetter and Burkland are credited with…
Historical Background The development of prosthetic grafts has extended the vascular surgeon’s ability to replace or bypass diseased arterial segments. However, the risk of infection, although small, constantly looms over a patient with an indwelling prosthetic graft, and preventive measures…
Historical Background Dissatisfaction with traditional single-stage or multistage extraanatomic bypass followed by resection of infected aortic grafts arises from aortic stump blowout after excision of the infected graft and more importantly from compromised long-term performance of axillofemoral reconstructions. Ehrenfeld and…
Historical Background Many early series recognized that aortic graft infection is difficult to diagnose, is associated with substantial amputation and mortality risks, and has a tendency to recur if inadequately treated. It was recognized early on that inadequately treated aortic…
Historical Background Anterior intervertebral body fusion was described in 1932 by Carpenter and promoted by Hodgson and Stock in 1956 as a definitive treatment of anteriorly oriented spine pathology while avoiding posterior element injury. Anterior discectomy, decompression, and intervertebral fusion…
Historical Background In recent years there has been a shift in the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) from open surgical treatment to endovascular interventions. Endovascular treatment for Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) class A lesions is considered standard. Recommendations are…
Historical Background In 1964 Dotter and Judkins first reported percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as a technique for treating atherosclerotic stenoses and occlusions. Application of this method for the treatment of iliac occlusive disease was reported in 1974. In February 1974 Grüntzig…
Historical Background Extraanatomic procedures were developed as alternatives to direct aortofemoral bypass for patients deemed to be at high risk for direct aortic surgery or for those presenting with a “hostile” abdomen, an infection of the native aortoiliac arterial system,…