Anderson's Pediatric Cardiology

Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Introduction Appreciation of complex intracardiac anatomy and spatial relationships is inherent to the diagnosis of congenitally malformed hearts. Until recently, the ability of the clinician to image the heart by echocardiography was limited to two dimensions (2DE). The very nature…

Cross-Sectional Echocardiography and Doppler Imaging

Since the late 1970s, perhaps the most important change in the practice of clinical pediatric cardiology has been the introduction of cross-sectional echocardiography and its subsequent technical improvements. Echocardiography currently allows highly accurate diagnosis of nearly all morphologic abnormalities, for…

Interventional Techniques

The practice of interventional cardiac catheterization consists of minimally invasive procedures where catheters are used to modify, palliate, or treat congenital or acquired cardiac disease. Evolution of interventional techniques has been a natural progression from open surgical procedures used to…

Surgical Techniques

Surgical Approaches to the Heart A variety of incisions are used in cardiac surgery. The majority of pediatric cardiac surgeries are performed through two incisions: the median sternotomy and the posterolateral thoracotomy. Other incisions are occasionally used to accommodate atypical…

Prematurity and Cardiac Disease

On average, up to 12% of liveborn infants in the developed world are born prior to term. These rates have increased as a consequence of assisted reproductive technology and earlier intervention for either maternal or fetal well-being. The causes of…

Prevalence of Congenital Cardiac Disease

Introduction Examination of the frequency of congenital cardiac disease, either as a rate or as a proportion, has important implications for the study of congenital cardiac malformations, as well as their clinical management. However, there is much confusion and misuse…