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Cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), extracorporeal circulation, and aortic valve replacement, has the potential to significantly improve patients’ functional status and reduce mortality; however, neurologic complications of surgery can limit and even eradicate these potential benefits. Perioperative…
The aorta is the main conduit through which the heart supplies blood to the body, including the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. In addition, this vessel is situated close to important neural structures. In consequence, both disease of the aorta…
Respiration involves pulmonary ventilation, gaseous exchange between lung alveoli and blood, and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, tissues, and interstitial fluids. The nervous system plays a pivotal role in controlling pulmonary ventilation as it exerts both…