Etiology Penile lesions can be categorized by cause ( Box 76-1 ). Box 76-1 From Bhatt S, Kocakoc E, Rubens DJ, et al: Sonographic evaluation of penile trauma. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24:993–1000. Penile Pathologic Processes Trauma Blunt trauma Penetrating or…
Etiology Erectile dysfunction manifests clinically most commonly as impotence and less commonly as priapism. The causes of impotence can be psychogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, anatomic, infectious, pharmacologic, or vasogenic. Vasogenic causes of erectile dysfunction include venous leak (aging, priapism, congenital, idiopathic)…
Imaging Traditionally, the seminal vesicles were evaluated with seminal vesiculography. This has largely been replaced by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound ( Figure 74-1 ). Computed Tomography The seminal vesicles are of soft tissue attenuation (…
Benign Focal Prostate Lesions Etiology Benign focal lesions of the prostate include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (see Chapter 72 ), congenital cysts, acquired cysts, prostatitis (acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome [inflammatory and noninflammatory], and asymptomatic prostatitis), prostatic…
Etiology Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the increased volume of prostatic stroma and glandular epithelial cells involving the transitional zone and periurethral region of the prostate. Hormones such as androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) and estrogens are thought…
Etiology Adrenal masses may be neoplastic, infectious, or hemorrhagic ( Box 71-1 ). Neoplasia is the most common cause for an adrenal mass seen on imaging. An incidentally detected adrenal mass as well as an adrenal mass in a patient…
Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have resulted in improved detection of subtle changes in adrenal gland morphology. The different morphologic patterns of adrenal gland enlargement on imaging can be classified as follows (…
Etiology Urinary tract anomalies encompass a wide range of abnormalities from the multiple varied components of the urinary tract—the renal parenchyma, the collecting system, the bladder, the urethra, and the vasculature. Anomalies result from alterations in the normal embryologic development…
The urinary bladder is composed of the following four layers: 1. Urothelium: Transitional epithelium 2. Lamina propria: Vascular layer of connective tissue deep to the urothelium 3. Muscularis propria: Detrusor muscle 4. Adventitia: Connective tissue The bladder is an extraperitoneal…
A ureteral stricture is a narrowing of the ureter that results in a functional obstruction. It may be the result of a variety of benign and malignant causes, which may be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic processes. The clinical presentation…