Bartholin Gland: Cysts

Introduction

• Description: A chronic cystic dilation of the Bartholin gland and duct, generally secondary to past infection.

• Prevalence: 2% of adult women develop infection or enlargement of one or both Bartholin glands.

• Predominant Age: Of all Bartholin gland cysts, 85% occur during the reproductive years (peak, 20–29 years). Occurrence after the age of 40 years is rare and should raise concerns about malignancy. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts.

• Genetics: No genetic pattern.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

• Causes: Bartholin gland infection or abscess leading to obstruction of the duct.

• Risk Factors: Exposure to sexually transmitted infection (STI), trauma, previous Bartholin gland abscesses.

Signs and Symptoms

Smaller, more chronic cysts, caused by the obstruction of the Bartholin duct may be identified by gentle palpation at the base of the labia majora. These cysts are unilateral (93%), smooth, firm, 1–3 cm diameter, and tender, with varying degrees of induration and overlying erythema. The cysts may be clear, yellow, or bluish in color. They are typically painless and asymptomatic, and they may be found incidentally during a gynecologic examination, by the patient herself, or her partner.

Diagnostic Approach