Introduction An abnormally positioned heart is not in itself a malformation of major significance. Such abnormal positioning, for example, can be secondary to a deformity or defect of the chest wall, such as pectus excavatum or carinatum. The exceptions are…
Introduction The aortic arch, the arterial duct, and the right and left pulmonary arteries have a close spatial relationship with the major airways and the esophagus. Due to this close proximity, abnormalities in the size, position, and/or pattern of branching…
Introduction Double-outlet ventricle is no more than an abnormal ventriculoarterial connection. Therefore the feature may occur with each atrial arrangement, any atrioventricular connection, and all possible variations of ventricular morphology. The morphologic arrangement can then be further complicated by associated…