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This chapter includes an accompanying lecture presentation that has been prepared by the authors: Video 27.1 . Key Concepts Simulation often refers to a virtual three-dimensional (3D) visual model created with CT and MRI data. The role of simulation in…
Introduction The economic and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression, which is suffered by 12%–20% of all depressed patients, remains a significant challenge to the psychiatric and neurosurgical communities ( ). In the United States alone its overall societal cost is…
Introduction Physical pain is a leading cause of healthcare spending, work-related disability, and morbidity in the United States ( ). According to a 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the direct and indirect costs of chronic pain were found to range…
Summary of Key Points The cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) is subject to unique biomechanical stresses because it is the transitional zone between the cervical and thoracic spine, and lesions in this area can lead to progressive instability, resulting in kyphosis and…
Summary of Key Points Minimally invasive spine surgery has gained popularity. It may be used for decompression and stabilization of all segments of the spine and spinal cord. The evolution of minimally invasive spine techniques includes more historical surgical approaches,…
Summary of Key Points Anterior subaxial fixation techniques have greatly evolved since first being described in the 1950s. Current fixation techniques involve a combination of modular interbodies, titanium plates, and screws. The composition of the interbodies (titanium, allograft, etc.) and…
Summary of Key Points A crisis requires swift and decisive action by the healthcare team. In the unlikely event of cardiac arrest, the patient in the prone position will require closed or reverse cardiopulmonary resuscitation or, rarely, a last-resort open…
Summary of Key Points Patients who are medically optimized before major spine surgery demonstrate improvements in self-reported satisfaction scores, decreased postoperative complications, and decreased hospital length of stay. There are several patient-specific, modifiable risk factors that could be targets for…
Summary of Key Points The cervical spine is the most mobile region of the spine, leading to a propensity for instability in the setting of pathologies or iatrogenic destabilization during corrective surgeries. Disruption of key structures, including ligaments, vertebral bodies,…
Summary of Key Points Cervical spine deformity is a leading cause of morbidity and poor patient quality of life in the adult spinal deformity population. Although a standardized classification system is yet to be validated, the most common qualitative radiographic…