Key points Mitral Valve Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) provides real-time, detailed, nonplanar images of the complex mitral valve (MV) apparatus, including the annulus, leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles. Quantitative analysis of MV anatomy, function, and motion using 3DE is significantly more…
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in developed countries. It is also known as degenerative or myxomatous mitral valve (MV) disease and consists of a spectrum, with its mildest form known as fibroelastic…
Mitral valve (MV) disease may best be described by defining the cause of the disease, the specific lesions caused by the disease, and the dysfunction it creates in the MV apparatus. This “pathophysiologic triad,” first described by Carpentier and coworkers…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Danita M. Yoerger Sanborn, who was the author of this chapter in the previous edition. Cor pulmonale refers to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and enlargement caused by disorders of the lung parenchyma…