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RENAL DISEASE Normal renal function is important for the excretion of anesthetics and medications, maintaining fluid and acid–base balance, and regulating hemoglobin levels in the perioperative period. Renal disease is quite prevalent in patients presenting for surgery and is associated…
Key Points ▪ Innervation of the intraabdominal components of the genitourinary system—the kidney and the ureter—is primarily thoracolumbar (T8-L2). The nerve supply of the pelvic organs—the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra—is primarily lumbosacral with some lower thoracic input. ▪…