Management of benign biliary strictures, whether surgical, percutaneous-transhepatic, or by endoscopic means, is difficult. These lesions are formed of cicatricial fibrosis and are recalcitrant to many minimally invasive techniques. They can be a contributing factor to recurrent cholangitis, hepatic segmental…
Clinical Relevance Chronic pelvic pain, characterized by noncyclic pelvic pain for longer than 6 months, is a common medical problem among women. The condition is potentially debilitating, and it afflicts millions of women worldwide. It has been reported that up…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge authors Ali Albayati, Emily M. Tanski, and Emily J. Timmreck, who contributed to this chapter in the second edition. Although relatively uncommon, male varicocele often affects otherwise healthy men with symptoms such as pain…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of authors Morvarid Alaghmand, Ali Noor, Aaron Reposar, Rishabh Chaudhari, and Ramy Khalil, who contributed to this chapter in the second edition. Understanding the vascular anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, adrenals, and…
Clinical Relevance An understanding of the vascular anatomy of the alimentary tract allows a wide range of therapeutic options for patients who traditionally were treated by open surgery. In addition to the use of catheter-directed embolotherapy and pharmacologic vasoconstriction for…
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Shundra Dinkins, Toni Acfalle, and Dana Murphy for their expertise in preparation of this manuscript. The authors also would like to acknowledge Jozef M. Brozyna, Suma Chandra, Hank K. Chen, Gina D. Tran,…