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Key points Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) provides an accurate diagnosis of the cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in most patients, although three-dimensional transesophageal imaging (TEE) often is needed for decisions about timing and type of intervention. Primary MR is caused by…
Acknowledgments The authors thank Drs. Stamatios Lerakis, John Palios, and Randolph P. Martin for their contributions to the previous edition of this chapter. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an invaluable tool for diagnosing and evaluating cardiac pathophysiology, and a well-performed TEE…