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Clinical Relevance Chronic pelvic pain, characterized by noncyclic pelvic pain for longer than 6 months, is a common medical problem among women. The condition is potentially debilitating, and it afflicts millions of women worldwide. It has been reported that up…
Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of authors Morvarid Alaghmand, Ali Noor, Aaron Reposar, Rishabh Chaudhari, and Ramy Khalil, who contributed to this chapter in the second edition. Understanding the vascular anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, adrenals, and…