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Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions after organ transplantation

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease CMV cytomegalovirus DAMP disease-associated molecular pattern EBV Epstein–Barr virus GI gastrointestinal GVHD graft-versus-host disease HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation IBD inflammatory bowel disease MMF mycophenolate mofetil OLT orthotopic liver transplantation OT organ transplantation PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis SOT solid organ transplantation UC ulcerative colitis Introduction The reported prevalence of diarrhea is up to 72% after solid-organ transplantation (SOT) or hematopoietic stem cell…

Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: other immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders

Abbreviations AID autoinflammatory disease AIE autoimmune enteropathy ANA antinuclear antigen CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4 CC collagenous colitis CeD celiac disease CD Crohn’s disease FMF familial Mediterranean fever GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICPi immune checkpoint inhibitor IMD immune-mediated disorder LC lymphocytic colitis MC microscopic colitis NAID NOD2-associated autoinflammatory diseases NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug PD-1 programmed cell death 1 protein PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis RA rheumatoid…

Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: infectious

Abbreviations AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome CD Crohn’s disease CMV Cytomegalovirus GI gastrointestinal HIV human immunodeficiency virus IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICV ileocecal valve UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Infectious bowel diseases are more common in developing countries than industrialized countries. On the other hand, the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the former are increasing . Superimposed bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection…

Inflammatory bowel disease–associated digestive disorders

Abbreviations AIH autoimmune hepatitis AIP autoimmune pancreatitis CD Crohn’s disease EoE eosinophilic esophagitis GAVE gastric antral vascular ectasia GERD gastroesophageal reflux disorder GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome ICV ileocecal valve IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), that is, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), can affect…

Superimposed infections in inflammatory bowel diseases

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease CDI Clostridioides difficile infection CJI Campylobacter jejuni infection CMV cytomegalovirus EBV Epstein–Barr virus H & E hematoxylin and eosin HPV human papillomavirus HSV herpes simplex virus GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICV ileocecal valve ITB intestinal tuberculosis TB tuberculosis TNF tumor necrosis factor UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two most common forms of…

Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: radiation injury of the gut

Abbreviations AVM arteriovenous malformation GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is vulnerable to radiation injury, consisting acute and chronic forms. The acute injury exerts cytotoxic effect on the fast dividing intestinal epithelium, particularly intestinal stem cells, with subsequent changes in cell death. Downregulation of Bcl-2 plays a central role. The disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier may lead to bacterial…

Molecular imaging in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CAC colitis-associated cancer CD Crohn’s disease CLE confocal laser endomicroscopy CT computed tomography FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate IBD inflammatory bowel disease SSA sessile serrated adenoma SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography TNF tumor necrosis factor VDZ vedolizumab Introduction Molecular imaging is based on the principle of utilizing fluorescently labeled probes with high specificity toward defined molecular targets and their subsequent detection and visualization with endoscopic devices (…

Confocal endomicroscopy and other image-enhanced endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CAN colitis-associated neoplasia CD Crohn’s disease CLE confocal laser endomicroscopy DCE dye chromoendoscopy eCLE endoscopy-based confocal laser endomicroscopy GI gastrointestinal HD high-definition IBD inflammatory bowel disease IEE image-enhanced endoscopy ME magnification endoscopy MH mucosal healing NBI narrow-band imaging OCT optical coherence tomographyp CLE confocal laser endomicroscopy PSC primary sclerosing cholangitisTNF tumor necrosis factor UC ulcerative colitis WLE white-light endoscopy Introduction Advances in imaging technology have…

Chromoendoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations AFI autofluorescence imaging BLI blue-light imaging CAN colitis-associated neoplasia CD Crohn’s disease CDEIS Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity CI confidence interval CRC colorectal cancer DCE dye chromoendoscopy CLE confocal laser endomicroscopy FACILE the Frankfurt Advanced Chromoendoscopic IBD LEsions FICE flexible spectral imaging color enhancement HD high definition GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease IEE image-enhanced endoscopy IPAA ileal pouch-anal anastomosis ME magnification endoscopy MES…

Enteroscopy in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease CMUSE cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis BD Behcet’s disease IBD inflammatory bowel disease ITB intestinal tuberculosis MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug UC ulcerative colitis Introduction The small bowel, as the midsection of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and colon, is 5–7 m long and divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The enteroscopy, which can not only make…

Capsule endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CCE colon capsule endoscopy CECDAI the Capsule Endoscopy Crohn’s Disease Activity Index CTE computed tomographic enterography GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease MRE magnetic resonance enterography SBC small bowel and colon NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug SITT small bowel transit time VCE video capsule endoscopy UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) was cleared for the diagnosis of small bowel disease, especially for obscure gastrointestinal…

Postoperative complications in Crohn’s disease

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease ECF enterocutaneous fistula ICA ileocolonic anastomosis ICR ileocolonic resection Introduction Bowel resection and anastomosis, strictureplasty, and fecal diversion with ileostomy are common surgical treatment modalities for Crohn’s disease (CD). Postoperative complications after any surgery for CD are common, ranging from anastomotic stricture to anastomotic leak. The high risk for the surgery-associated complications may be related to underlying disease process of CD, concurrent…

Histologic evaluation of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease GHAS the Global Histologic Disease Activity Score GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis IOIBD the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease STRIDE the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Histologic assessment of biopsy and resection specimens of the small and large intestine has always been an integral part of the…

Endoscopic scores in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease CDAI the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index CDEIS the Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity CRP C-reactive protein DAI the Diseases Activity Index GI gastrointestinal HBI the Harvey–Bradshaw Index IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICA ileocolonic anastomosis ICR ileocolonic resection IPAA ileal pouch-anal anastomosis MES the Mayo Endoscopic Subscore MH mucosal healing MMES the modified Mayo Endoscopic score MRE magnetic resonance enterography PDAI the…

Diversion-associated bowel diseases

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease CAN colitis-associated neoplasia DABD diversion-associated bowel disease IBD inflammatory bowel disease IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis IRA ileorectal anastomosis PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis SCFAs short-chain fatty acids UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Diversion colitis, proctitis, and pouchitis result from defunctionalized, surgically bypassed bowel segment. Diversion-associated bowel disease (DABD) occurs in fecal-stream bypassed segments of the bowel, following stoma surgery for congenital, inflammatory, or neoplastic…

Inflammatory bowel disease–associated neoplasia

Abbreviations ATZ anal transition zone CAN colitis-associated neoplasia CD Crohn’s disease CRC colorectal cancer EBV Epstein–Barr virus GI gastrointestinal HGD high-grade dysplasia HPV human papillomavirus IBD inflammatory bowel disease IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis LGD low-grade dysplasia NHL non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis SCC squamous cell cancer UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Chronic mucosal inflammation is a risk factor for the development of neoplasia in the gastrointestinal…

Ulcerative colitis: postsurgical

Abbreviations ATZ anal transition zone CD Crohn’s disease IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis IRA ileorectal anastomosis PDAI the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index PVF pouch-vaginal fistula RPC restorative proctocolectomy UC ulcerative colitis You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Indeterminate colitis and inflammatory bowel disease unclassified

Abbreviations BWI backwash ileitis CD Crohn’s disease IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBD-U inflammatory bowel disease unclassified ICV ileocecal valve GI gastrointestinal IC indeterminate colitis IPAA ileal pouch–anal anastomosis NSAIDs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis UC ulcerative colitis VCE video capsule endoscopy Introduction Disease spectrum of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is beyond the two classic phenotypes. Differential diagnosis between CD and UC…

Ulcerative colitis

Abbreviations BWI backwash ileitis CAN colitis-associated neoplasia CD Crohn’s disease CP cap polyposis GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICV ileocecal valve PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis UC ulcerative colitis UP ulcerative proctitis Introduction In clinical practice the Montreal classification of ulcerative colitis (UC) has routinely been used to guide diagnosis and treatment ( Table 1.1 ) . In addition to the clinical assessment, the identification of…

Crohn’s disease: postsurgical

Abbreviations CD Crohn’s disease EI end ileostomy IBD inflammatory bowel disease ICA ileocolonic anastomosis ICR ileocolonic resection IRA ileorectal anastomosis LI loop ileostomy RS the Rutgeerts score RVF rectovaginal fistula STX strictureplasty Introduction Despite advances in medical therapy, approximately 70% of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) would eventually require surgery . Various surgical modalities have been designed and performed for patients with medically or endoscopically refractory…