Atheroma occurs to different degrees in different parts of an individual’s cardiovascular system and the lower limb arteries are particularly prone to the development of atherosclerosis. Approximately 2% of adults in late middle age in Western countries have intermittent claudication…
The Carotid and Vertebral Arteries CAROTID DISEASE AND STROKE Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the United Kingdom, there are approximately 150 000 first strokes each year and some 53 000 deaths a year as a…
Principles of Blood Flow This section describes the simple principles of blood flow which are of value in understanding the role of Doppler and for performing vascular ultrasound examinations. The underlying principles of fluid mechanics applied to the flow of…
A number of techniques have been developed which exploit the shift in frequency of ultrasound when it is reflected from moving blood. This frequency shift is known as the ‘Doppler effect’. Five types of diagnostic Doppler instrument are usually distinguished:…