Introduction Forty-five percent of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. The most widely used method is female permanent contraception. The use of modern contraceptives has contributed substantially to the reduction of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality and to…
Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge Dr. Michal Silber for her critical review of this manuscript. This work was supported in part by Health Resources and Services Administration contract HHSH250-2019-00001C. The content is the responsibility of the authors alone…
Mitochondrial replacement is a heritable genetic change that can prevent mitochondrial disease but is not involve an alteration of the actual DNA sequence and is thus distinct from gene editing. Gene editing may provide a path to prevent the transmission…
Introduction Louise Brown was born on July 25, 1978, and was the first baby born using the technology known as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Louise’s parents, John and Lesley Brown, were infertile because Lesley had blockages in her oviducts, so her…
Acknowledgments The authors thank Teresa K. Woodruff, PhD, Kristin Smith for laying strong foundations with the first editions of this book chapter, and Mahmoud Salama for his assistance updating the fertility preservation reference tables. They also thank Stacey C. Tobin,…
Laboratory Environment Conditions in the IVF laboratory must be tightly regulated to replicate physiologic parameters. The laboratory macroenvironment should be free of contaminants and the air quality rigorously controlled. Establishment of a suitable microenvironment for laboratory procedures involves quality control…
Introduction The term Assisted Reproduction incorporates a wide range of technologies that are used to enhance the probability of achieving a pregnancy after the collection and direct handling of oocytes, sperm, and the resulting embryos outside the body. The mainstay…
Concepts of Ovarian Stimulation Ovarian stimulation can be applied for the medical treatment of anovulatory infertility (i.e., ovulation induction) or for infertility treatment in ovulatory women. Ovarian stimulation is a central component of many infertility therapies. It is important to…
Ultrasound investigation for subfertility, PALM-COEIN, müllerian anomalies, deeply invasive endometriosis, miscarriage, pregnancy of unknown location A single-visit ultrasound-based approach in the investigation of subfertility has gained widespread acceptance ( Table 33.1 ). Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the primary tool for…
Introduction This chapter reviews the assessment of hormonal status in the practice of reproductive endocrinology. It is acknowledged that the patient will often provide useful biologic information, such as changes induced by hypoestrogenism, skin changes with androgen excess, and galactorrhea…