Definition and classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension Until 2018, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was formally defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of greater than or equal to 25 mm Hg at rest, accompanied by a pulmonary vascular resistance…
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) refers to clinical conditions of varying severity, from varicose veins at one end of the spectrum to venous ulceration. Advanced chronic venous disease (CVD) has a more severe clinical presentation than simple varicose veins, reticular veins,…
Epidemiology Varicose veins (VVs) are tortuous, dilated, bulging, superficial veins typically measuring 3 mm or larger. They are the most common manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and affect up to 25% of women and 15% of men. In the…
Optimal management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) hinges upon understanding the medical, economic, and psychosocial consequences of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In an international registry of 23,858 patients with acute PE over 13 years, the mean length…
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), most often presenting as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), is a frequently encountered cardiovascular disorder. After myocardial infarction and stroke, VTE is the third most common cardiovascular disease with an estimated 10 million cases…
Incidence and clinical relevance of venous thromboembolism Venous thromboembolism (VTE), consisting of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third leading cardiovascular disease after coronary heart disease and stroke. The age-standardized incidence rate is 1 to 2…
Pernio , commonly known as chilblains , is a cold-induced localized inflammatory condition presenting as skin lesions predominantly on unprotected acral areas. Typically there is swelling of the dorsa of the proximal phalanges of fingers and toes ( Fig. 49.1…
Definition and historical perspective Erythromelalgia is a rare condition of the extremities characterized by the triad of redness, warmth, and pain. The symptom complex of intermittent acral warmth, pain, and erythema that defines erythromelalgia has been well documented in the…
The term acrocyanosis is derived from the Greek words akron (meaning “extremity”) and kyanos (meaning “blue”). As a medical condition, acrocyanosis is an uncommon functional vasospastic disorder characterized by persistent bluish discoloration, primarily of the hands and feet. However, the…
In its simplest form, local syncope is a condition perfectly compatible with health. Persons who are attacked with it are ordinarily females. Under the least stimulus, sometimes without appreciable cause, one or many fingers become pale and cold all at…