Introduction The underlying mechanism of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has always been thought to be an extension of the “Gate Theory of Pain,” traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) applied to peripheral nerves. While this theory may still hold true, recent…
Introduction There are many poorly recognized or misrecognized peripheral nerve entrapments associated with clinical pain syndromes. Kopell and Thompson stated that peripheral nerve entrapments occur at anatomic sites where the nerve changes direction to enter a fibrous or fibroosseous tunnel,…
Introduction For more than 5000 years, electrical stimulation has been used to treat pain, among other medical conditions. The King Narmer papyrus from 3100 BC describes the use of the Nile catfish, which has a bioelectric generator, for pain control,…