Chapter 1 1 Solution B, negative; or Solution A, positive 2 150 mmol/L urea 3 Increases 4 Upstroke of the action potential 5 25 quanta 6 Botulinus toxin 7 Action potential in nerve fiber; opening Ca 2+ channels in presynaptic…
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The gonads are endocrine glands whose functions are to support development and maturation of the male and female germ cells. The male gonads, the testes, are responsible for development and maturation of sperm and synthesis and secretion of the male…
The endocrine system, in concert with the nervous system, is responsible for homeostasis. Growth, development, reproduction, blood pressure, concentrations of ions and other substances in blood, and even behavior are all regulated by the endocrine system. Endocrine physiology involves the…
The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are digestion and absorption of nutrients. To serve these functions, there are four major activities of the gastrointestinal tract. (1) Motility propels ingested food from the mouth toward the rectum and mixes and reduces…
Acid-base balance is concerned with maintaining a normal hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids. This balance is achieved by utilization of buffers in extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), by respiratory mechanisms that excrete carbon dioxide, and by…
The kidneys function in several capacities. As excretory organs, the kidneys ensure that those substances in excess or that are harmful are excreted in urine in appropriate amounts. As regulatory organs, the kidneys maintain a constant volume and composition of…
The function of the respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the cells of the body. Fresh air is brought into the lungs during the inspiratory phase of the breathing cycle, oxygen and…
The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver blood to the tissues, which provides essential nutrients to the cells for metabolism and removes waste products from the cells. The heart serves as the pump, which, by contracting, generates…