1 Describe diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is defined as increased viscoelastic chamber stiffness, impaired ventricular relaxation, or a combination of both. Decline in left ventricular (LV) compliance occurs with aging and may be accelerated by conditions such as hypertension,…
1 What is the definition and incidence of heart failure? Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from progressive myocardial dysfunction that compromises ventricular filling and cardiac output. HF patients may be broadly categorized as having HF with preserved…
1 What is myocarditis? Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium, which can occur as a result of exposure to a discrete external trigger or to antigens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, or drugs, or as a result…
1 What are the indications for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)? According to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines, class I indications for CABG include significant left main stenosis, three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD), and two-vessel disease…
1 What does the term percutaneous coronary intervention mean? Andreas Gruentzig performed the first successful balloon angioplasty procedure in humans in 1977. Initial coronary interventions involving only balloon angioplasty were referred to as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Since then,…
1 Define cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock is a state of end-organ hypoperfusion due to cardiac failure and the inability of the cardiovascular system to provide adequate blood flow to the extremities and vital organs. In general, patients with cardiogenic shock…
1 What are the electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction? Criteria for the diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) derive from criteria established for the administration of thrombolytic therapy, which evolved in the late 1980s…
1 What is non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome? It is now recognized that unstable angina, non–Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI), non–ST-segment elevation MI, and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are all part of a continuum of the pathophysiologic process in which a…
1 Can a patient with new-onset chest pain have chronic stable angina? The term “chronic stable angina” refers to angina that has been stable in frequency and severity for at least 2 months and with which the episodes are provoked…
1 Are most emergency room visits for chest pain caused by acute coronary syndromes? No. Acute coronary syndromes (e.g., unstable angina, myocardial infarction) account for only a small percentage of emergency room (ER) visits for chest pain. Depending on the…