Cardiovascular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been reported since the early years of the pandemic. Before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), many of the cardiovascular findings resulted from immunosuppression and…
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disease that affects millions of people worldwide and approximately 1 in 500 African Americans and 1 in 1200 Hispanic Americans. It is caused by a β-globin gene mutation, resulting in systemic complications…
Epidemiology of Chagas Disease First described by the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas in 1909, Chagas cardiomyopathy is the result of a chronic myocarditis caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The chief mode of transmission is via the bite…
Endocrine diseases can result in cardiovascular alterations in response to changes in homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and is discussed in detail in another chapter. In this chapter, we cover the other major endocrine diseases along…
In 1936, the Swiss physician Wilhelm Loeffler described a patient with progressive cardiac failure, eosinophilia, and inflammatory endocardial thickening. Subsequently, in 1968, Hardy and Anderson coined the term hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) encompassing different entities with marked blood eosinophilia in the…
Acknowledgments The authors thank Drs. Amit V. Patel and Gillian Murtagh for their contributions to the previous edition of this chapter. Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs. Although its cause…
The term amyloidosis (from Greek ἄμυλον: amylon , starch) was popularized in the 19th century by the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow because of amyloid’s affinity for staining dyes with starch. It is clearly a misnomer because amyloid deposits are made…
Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors that secrete vasoactive compounds, including serotonin. The estimated incidence of carcinoid tumors is reported between 1.0 and 8.4 per 100,000. Carcinoid tumors are classified based on their embryologic site of origin: foregut (bronchus, stomach,…
The pathogenic role of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) in thrombotic events was recognized 30 years ago in a study of 65 patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a clinical entity composed of venous or arterial thrombotic…
In 1924, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks demonstrated noninfectious, nonrheumatic verrucous endocarditis in an autopsy series of four young patients with multiple symptoms. The seminal description highlighted the constellation of polyarthritis, pericarditis, fever, and cutaneous eruptions common in these patients…