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This chapter describes the main set of echocardiographic images that should be obtained for standardization and facilitation of image interpretation. Standard examination images are acquired from several transducer positions on the chest wall. Each window, angulation, and rotation of the…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the valuable input and suggestions offered by Dr. Andy Pellett, PhD, RDCS, who reviewed this chapter. Optimizing Two-Dimensional Images The most commonly used controls for optimizing two-dimensional (2D) images are summarized in Table 8.1 . These…
Imaging Planes The imaging planes are the long-axis (images acquired in the parasternal long-axis [PLAX] views), short-axis (images acquired in the parasternal short-axis [PSAX] views), and apical (images acquired in the apical views) planes ( Fig. 7.1 ). You’re Reading…
In the past two decades, two-dimensional speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) has become one of the most important new echocardiographic parameters for the assessment of cardiac diseases. Indeed, it has been widely demonstrated that GLS provides reliable and early information…
General Concepts The word “strain,” which in everyday language means “stretching,” in echocardiography indicates a measure of tissue deformation; the “strain rate” is the rate at which the deformation occurs. Considering a given one-dimensional object under either lengthening or shortening…
Tissue Doppler Imaging Doppler shifts within the heart return either from moving red blood cells or moving myocardial tissue. Blood flow is high velocity; therefore, pulsed-wave Doppler assessment requires backscatter of high velocities and low amplitudes. In comparison, tissue Doppler…
Echocardiography provides noninvasive, real-time, diagnostic cardiac anatomic imaging (see Chapter 1 ) and motion and flow information. In the present context, the motion and flow are myocardial motion of contraction and relaxation and the resulting flow of blood, respectively. Motion…
The milestone in the history of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has been the development of fully sampled matrix-array transthoracic transducers based on advanced digital processing and improved image formation algorithms that allowed the operators to obtain on-cart transthoracic real-time volumetric imaging…
Echocardiography is diagnostic imaging with ultrasound (sonography) of the heart. Sonography comes from the Latin sonus (sound) and the Greek graphein (to write). Diagnostic sonography is medical, real-time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) anatomic, motion, and flow imaging using ultrasound.…