1 Define intracranial hypertension. Intracranial pressure (ICP) in humans is normally between 5 and 15 mm Hg. Intracranial hypertension is defined as a sustained ICP greater than 20 mm Hg. 2 What are the determinants of ICP? The brain parenchyma,…
1 What is normal cerebral blood flow (CBF)? At what level is CBF considered ischemic? Normal CBF in humans is 40 to 60 mL/100 g/min (15% of cardiac output). The cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO 2 ) in adults…
1 Describe the anatomy of the kidney. The kidneys are paired organs lying retroperitoneally against the posterior abdominal wall. Although their combined weight is only 300 g (about 0.5% of total body weight), they receive 20% to 25% of the…
1 Describe normal liver anatomy. How is blood supply provided to the liver? The human liver consists of four anatomic lobes (left, right, caudate, quadrate) and eight surgical lobes (I–VIII). The liver receives approximately 20% to 25% of the cardiac…
1 How would you define acute respiratory distress syndrome? The most commonly used definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), known as the Berlin definition ( Table 40.1 ), was described in 2012. The Berlin definition describes ARDS as: (1)…
1 Define reactive airway disease. The term reactive airway disease (RAD) is used to describe a family of diseases that share the common characteristic of airway sensitivity to physical, chemical, or pharmacological stimuli. This sensitivity results in a bronchoconstrictor response…
1 Define pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary artery hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (> 25 mm Hg) from any cause. Pulmonary artery hypertension (World Health Organization [WHO] group 1) was previously referred to as primary…
1 Discuss the basic pathophysiology of valvular heart diseases. Valvular heart diseases cause chronic volume or pressure overload, where each evokes a characteristic ventricular response causing ventricular hypertrophy. Ventricular hypertrophy is an increase in left ventricular (LV) mass. Pressure overload…
1 What is heart failure? Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood. The cardinal manifestations of HF…
1 What are the known risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease? Age, male gender, and positive family history (first-degree relative with coronary artery disease [CAD], male < 55 years or female < 65 years) are risk factors…