1 What is priapism? A prolonged erection lasting for more than 4 hours, beyond or unrelated to sexual activity or stimulation. 2 Why is priapism an emergency? Prolonged ischemia to the penis results in corporal body fibrosis and future erectile…
1 Which human organ transplant was performed first, the heart or the lung? Although heart transplantation has progressed more rapidly, the first human lung transplant preceded the first heart transplant. 2 Who performed the first human lung transplant? When? James…
1 What are the indications for ventricular assist device (VAD)? Bridge to transplant: Patients are in need of and are eligible for transplant, but their clinical course is such that they will not survive until a donor organ is available.…
1 What is the gold standard therapy for end-stage heart disease? Heart transplantation remains the gold standard therapy for end-stage heart failure. The most common technique is to place the heart in its anatomical or orthotopic position. Ventricular assist devices…
1 When was the first successful kidney transplant performed? In 1954, Dr. Joseph Murray successfully transplanted a kidney between identical twins at the Brigham Hospital in Boston. 2 What are the most common causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in…
1 When and where was the first liver transplant performed? Dr. Thomas Starzl performed the first liver transplant at the University of Colorado in Denver in March of 1963. Early results were dismal but laid the foundation for the future…
1 What are branchial cleft anomalies? They can occur as cysts, sinuses, and fistulas found in the head and neck related to incomplete obliteration of the first, second, third, or fourth (extremely rare) branchial clefts during early fetal development. Cysts…
1 What are the most common malignant solid abdominal tumors in children? a. Neuroblastomas are derived from neural crest tissue. In the abdomen, they originate from the adrenal glands and parasympathetic ganglia. b. Wilms’ tumors, nephroblastomas, are derived from the…
1 What is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)? Congenital abnormalities of the diaphragm include a posterolateral defect (Bochdalek hernia), an anteromedial defect (Morgagni hernia), or the eventration (central weakening) of the diaphragm. The Bochdalek hernia is…
1 What are tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia? The pathogenesis for the development of esophageal atresia, with and without fistula, is still unknown. Theories include imperfect separation of the tracheoesophageal septum or defective pharyngeal arch development. More than 50% of…